Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Business Law - Essay Example 10 of the said Act. Should her act of carrying an umbrella be construed illegal carriage of weapon? Must umbrella be considered part of the weapon defined in the Sec. 10 of Celebrations Control Act of 2007? Following the four (4) step process, this paper intends to discuss common law rules of statutory interpretation in order to establish whether or not Thalia has really breached Sec. 10 of Celebration Control Act of 2007. With the use of the four (4) step process, this paper shall also discuss review of administrative action by the court to establish whether or not the Constable acted ultra vires when he confiscated Thalia’s umbrella. Step 1. The identified area of the law is statutory interpretation. It is important to establish the common law rules of statutory interpretation to come up with a sound bases for the decision whether Thalia is guilty of the offense. Step 2. The Principles of the Law must be discussed in order to see its relevance to the case. Sec. 10 of Celebration Control Act 2007 is relevant and is consistent with many laws that ensure the safety of the general public from any harm especially during mass actions and protests where Thalia happened to be around. It is consistent with the Umbrellas (Prohibition) Act 1985 which is an Act to prevent a common cause of eye and face injuries which states: It is indeed dangerous to carry weapons that would endanger the safety of the public so much so during celebrations such this when a lot of people might be affected. Sec. 10 of Celebration Act 2007 is based on the principle that the lives of the people in public places must be protected and be ensured from harm. The right to safety and life is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the Constitution. Article 13 Sec 16 States: â€Å"Every one has the right to protection against bodily harm.† The United Nations (2007) has also documented cases of killings because authorities failed

New York City Adventure Essay Example for Free

New York City Adventure Essay My favorite trip Ive ever been on was definitely my first trip to New York City. Through the many stores and massive crowds of people I learned some important life lessons, other than how much I enjoy elbow room. The Big Apple was more that just a city to me, it was an experience, in fact, the whole trip was an experience! Whether it was the airplane ride to Manhattan, the city itself, or the Yankee game we went too, I had an amazing time. I never will forget that early morning where drove up to the Charlotte-Douglas Airport and I began my NYC journey. I walked in to see people scattered across the airport like ants after an anthill was knocked over. My parents instantly went to get our boarding passes but with all the noise it was hard to keep up. While my parents were getting a bag checked at the front desk I began to look around and I saw all the people. Little did I know how many people Id end up seeing in the next week alone! Then we began to roll our suitcases up to the security section of the airport. After just a few crazy minutes we were in the terminal area. It was hard to take in it all, but before I knew it I was boarding my plane to New York, New York! It all happened so fast, one second I was getting on a plane, the next I was sitting in a hotel looking down my window at The city that never sleeps (and with all the traffic and noise outside Im pretty sure the people here dont sleep either!). Despite my lack of sleep, early the next morning my family and I were walking through the streets of New York City. We walked through Rockefeller Center and saw some of the studios where TV shows were filmed. We went on a ferry ride to see The Statue of Liberty, which itself was a beautiful site. We ate classic foods for the area, like New York Pizza from Grand Central Station, and a hot dog from Coney Island. All together this made for the greatest day ever, and believe me I slept through the night since all that touring made me really tired! No matter how exhausted I was, I was ready to wake up and do it all again the next day! The day before we were going to take our trip back home we decided to go to a New York Yankee baseball game. I dont know that much about baseball, but It was still a great game! Though our seats werent great, we did get to see one of the most classic baseball teams do what they do best! Since I wasnt to attached to the game I got to sit back, drink my soda, and watch some good baseball. I must say the most exciting thing about the whole game didnt come till the final hours when the game went to over time. After 3 extra innings the star player slugged a ball right out of the park for the Yankees to win. It seemed like all the fans were dancing out of the stadium and it was a perfect way to end the perfect trip. We packed a lot of fun into such a short trip, sometimes ill look back and it feels like Im still in that crowded city walking the streets. With the taxis and all the unique people, Im not sure anyone could forget it! In retrospect I only wish I could have stayed longer to enjoy the trip even more! On the plane ride there, walking through the city, or sitting up high at the Yankees game, my first trip to New York City was the best trip Ive ever been on. Now I can say, one of the greatest things that ever happened to me was when I took a bite out of the Big Apple.

Conflict Theory Essay -- Black Man, Minorities, Correctional System

According to Robbins et al (2006), there are various concepts that are important in understanding conflict theory. These concepts include conflict, power, minority, and change. Demico Booth writes and reflects on the various aspects of his life that occurred during his incarceration, release and re incarceration. Throughout Booth’s book he reflects on why the percentage of Black men in prison continues to grow at alarming rates. Through the concepts associated with conflict theory the events leading up to Booths incarceration on both occasions can be analyzed. â€Å"Conflict is a clash or struggle between opposing forces or interests,† (Robbins et al, 2006, p.66). Throughout this time in his life Booth had to experience various clashes and struggles with people and system that he had no control over. The first direct conflict Booth had to experience was with his father. Booth was forced to provide for his younger siblings because he father and stepmother were drug addicts. Instead of being worried about providing for their family his parents were worried about sustaining their habits. What started as a positive scapegoat for Booth turned out to be a negative one. As Booth (2006) states: They would give him some crack on credit, and he and my stepmother would lock themselves in their bedroom and get high. By me being the oldest of my siblings, this especially affected me because I knew what was going on. And since my needs were greater than my younger siblings, I decided to go out and get a job so I could make some money to buy food and clothes for myself and for my brothers and sisters (p.15). Booth continues explaining this conflict by making it clear that in his father’s eyes he providing for his siblings was not a... ...standards and are on the same playing field in all aspects. As Fred McKissack (2008), questions â€Å"Exactly how can we be in post-racial America when nearly 40 percent of black children under the age of 5 live at or below the poverty line? How are we in post-racial America when the level of school segregation for Hispanics is the highest in the forty years and segregation of blacks is back to levels not seen since the late 1960s?† McKissack (2008) also points out that the employment rate for blacks has been twice that for whites and in 2006, 20.3% percent of blacks were not covered by health insurance, compared to only 10.8 percent of whites. In conclusion in order to consider itself a post racial society the United States must work on improving things such as education, healthcare, and unemployment for African Americans as well as other minorities.

The Style of Milan Kundera :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Style of Milan Kundera ex is ten tial ism - A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts. This word has been used when describing Milan Kundera’s style of writing. The term existentialism came from Jean Paul Sartre, a French philosopher. Existentialism emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. The philosophy focuses on the existence of man. Sartre believed that to be a true existentialist one must accept that there is no God therefore man is alone with only himself to rely on for all decisions. This gives man total freedom of choice. However with this total freedom comes the responsibility of knowing one must choose wisely. Kundera applies this philosophy to his characters in â€Å"The Unbearable Lightness of Being†. He shows us how the four lovers choices affect their lives. Will the characters choose lightness or weight? After seven years of living with the ‘heaviness† of Tereza, Tomas thinks he will enjoy â€Å"the sweet lightness of being† (Kundera P 30) when she leaves him. However, he soon realizes that the lightness of her absence is swiftly replaced by the heaviness of her absence. Franz on the other hand leaves his wife for Sabina, but when Sabina rejects him and his wife will not take him back Franz finds that he enjoys the lightness of his life. Tomas wished to be free but found it was not what he wanted at all. Franz who wished to be tied reveled in his freedom. â€Å"At last he ceased to be a little boy; for the first time in his life he was on his own.† (Kundera p120) Sabina did not want to be Mari-Claude. She did not want to share a marriage bed with Franz, but when she left him her lightness was not joy, it was emptiness. â€Å" What fell to her lot was not the burden [heaviness] but the unbearable lightness of being.† (Kundera P 122) When Tereza has sex with the engineer she thought it would help her understand how Tomas could sleep with many women in lightness without the burden of love. Tereza thinks, â€Å"How she [Tereza] wished she could learn lightness!†(Kundera P143) Instead she thought if the engineer â€Å"addressed her soul† she would have fallen in love with him at that instant.

Adversity in ‘Lord of the Flies’ Essay

Adversity is presented in many forms during ‘Lord of the Flies’ for the main character Ralph. It comes not only in the form of other people but a corruption of what society the boys on the island have managed to hold onto. One of the strongest forms of adversity came in the form of a strong and outspoken boy Jack; Jack often overwhelms and disregards things that Ralph, the chief of the boys on the island, has said to be done. Ralph, we can see, struggles to hold his control over the group of boys when Jack refuses to believe the importance of these jobs. Ralph’s biggest struggle against adversity against Jack happens during a time of panic and distress. We know he struggles for power as Jack ‘interrupted’ him, use of the word ‘interrupt’ shows that there is no respect between the two of them. As there is no respect, especially for the chief of the tribe, it causes adversity between the more outspoken members of the tribe and Ralph because they believe they can override his authority. Here Golding explores adversity through his language choices. His language choices can be very important when portraying adversity within the group of boys; certain words portray different levels of adversity for example ‘mutinously’ shows that there is a high level of adversity as the boys are unhappy with the situation they are in. Golding also explored adversity through the emotional turmoil of being on an adult-less island. Without adults, the children have no boundaries and therefore have to understand for themselves the boundaries of adult life; what is socially acceptable and unacceptable. They did this by making mistakes and learning from them, they do everything they to keep what society has instilled upon them; with rules and roles in their society. They have had to grow up and overcome the adversity by becoming adults and learning to survive and fend for themselves and the littluns by building their shelters and learning to hunt and ‘kill the pig’. He has explored the struggle of adversity particularly well through Ralph, this is because it easy to see how well he steps into the role of chief and protector of the group, he overcomes the adversity of growing into adult thought well. He understands what the basics are as he knows they need food, hygiene for safety and smoke signal for passing ships to see, this is obvious because he knows they need a smoke signal or they ‘will die’. One of the biggest forms of adversity with which the boys struggled was undoubtedly learning to cope and overcome the fear the littluns had instilled upon themselves associated with ‘the beast’. Golding does this by changing the way Ralph handles the crisis and changing his basic survival instincts back to that of the society the boys have left behind and learn to be compassionate towards the obviously scared young boys. This is obvious because throughout the book Ralph has been harsh, we can see this most in the first few chapters where he himself is obviously scared at the prospect of surviving with no adult help or guidance, we can see this through the way Golding has made Ralph speak and react to the other characters, such as his harshness to another key figure in the book, Piggy. An example of this is the fact that Ralph continuously tells Piggy to ‘Shut up’. However, when he understands the littluns fear of ‘the beast’, his tone softens and he understands that they need to be protected and looked after to feel safe, this is obvious because he made sure that a bigger child was there to look after them when all of them go on hunts, this shows that they have overcome their instincts to look after only themselves. However, they overcome the adversity of adjusting to life in fear of ‘the beast’ very well. They adjust everything about the way they were living, moving the fire to their beach instead of leaving it on top of the mountain where they knew the beast was. We can see he is doing this for the protection of everybody as they do it so they ‘needn’t go near-‘. The use of the word ‘needn’t’ in this context shows that Ralph is protecting the group because he’s keeping them out of what they believe to be harm’s way.

Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms Paper

Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms Paper Free Online Research Papers A Tariff can be generalized as a comprehensive tax on goods that are imported from foreign countries. The goal of a tariff is to secure the domestic product of a given nation from cheaper goods which are imported from nations that have a larger producing capacity. Tariff also helps to balance the prices in a country. Issues that may arise from tariff can be double sided. In other words, tariff has the power to bring businesses and governments down to instant financial security (Wikipedia, 2007). There are many different tariffs in which each is designed for a specific operation. The most notable tariffs are the protective tariff, the revenue tariff, and the prohibitive tariff. The protective tariff was enacted to inflate the prices set by imported products which create a positive vacuum for domestically based industries. This type of tariff places high tax on foreign imports which in turn forces a given company to raise its prices above its competitors who are based domestically. The revenue tariff is designed to generate and accumulate large amount of finances for the government. An example of such tariff would be a country that has very little product. In order to keep the domestic gains strong the government will need to install tariff on the imported goods which will levy the prices. This act by the government creates a security blanket for the limited product of certain import goods. The prohibitive tariff is the worst tariff to use in a global market today. Thi s type of tariff is used to eradicate competition between a foreign and domestic producer as well as to stop foreign imports in its track. It is similar to an embargo that is placed on a given country. The different types of tariff mentioned above are developed in tariff barriers for foreign market officials (Wikipedia, 2007). Economical theories support that tariff barriers are a major hindrance as well as a form of degradation for the free market system. The fact of the matter is tariffs are bias when it comes to the consumer. This has been proven to be true in which the government along with its corporate attachments prevent consumer from achieving a product at the lowest price while still retaining quality. It is seldom for a given country to artificially preserve a withering industry while at the same time negate the larger scale global market imports. It is beneficial for a given country to let an industry fall into ruin than supporting it. The contribution to the countries GDP would be insufficient versus the rapid import of trade and development. A country that has a large scale tariffs is always equilibrium within the socioeconomic structure. There are problem that may arises due to the lack of competition between foreign and domestic businesses. History has shown that when there is no c ompetition in a business sector, companies are apt to do less quality work and little innovation within a given sector (Yu, Z. 2006). Non-tariff barriers are restrictions in the importing of goods but are not presented in the usual form of tariffs. The non-tariff barriers have been criticized throughout the years because it establishes free trade rules that could be negated to a certain extent. This type of barrier is apt to assume the form of production or manufacturing requirements of goods. An example of such would be the European Unions restriction on material that have been altered or meat that had been subjected to high levels of hormone supplements. Non-tariff barriers are used in situations when it is absolutely necessary to protect health, safety, sanitation or to protect depleting natural resources. The non-tariff barriers that are most often traded are procurement, state subsidies, trading, ownership, national regulations on health, safety, employment, product classification, quotas, multiplicity, exchange or control, buy national policy, over elaborate or inadequate infrastructure, intellectual p roperty laws, corruption and bribery, restrictive licenses, unfair customs procedures, import bans, and lastly seasonal import regimes (Yu, Z. 2006. Unlike tariff barriers, non-tariff barriers have a long lasting effect on trade. In recent years, the tariff barriers have been significantly reduced leaving the non-tariff barriers to become prevalent in distorting as well as restricting international trade. This is being recognized as non-tariff barrier is ascertaining the position of conventional tariffs. Alan V. Deardorff (2006) stated in a report that â€Å"Calculation of the tariff equivalent of a given NTB for a given economic indicator is complex, and requires a great deal of information. Measures that are equivalent for one indicator will not be so for others, and there is no substitute for NTB-specific expertise.† Many economists recognized the non-tariff barrier as the root that causes the breakdown of trade with countries and with major competitor in the propagation of menial social welfare. The non-tariff barrier increases conformity costs which subsequently leads to higher deadweight loss of social welfare that the equivalent tariff barriers. The resulting cost may reach a level that eliminates potential trade partners in particular the small ones from the market. Increasing trade policy transparency and reducing non-tariff barriers are essential in trade liberalization. Non-tariff as well as tariff barriers seem to set out in order to accomplish similar views. A person may assume that the different type of tariff barriers may be devious than the other; however, both tariff and non-tariff barriers are both synonymous subject matter whose ambitions are concentrated on domestic proliferation. One may say that tariffs are not detrimental to the socioeconomic future of a society as non-t ariffs but the terms for both tariffs are somewhat the same. References Deardorff, A. (2006) Measurement of non-tariff barriers. Retrieved on August 5, 2006 from oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,2546,en26493485911111_2649_37431_1863852_1_1_1_37431,00.html Global Facilitation Partnership (GFP). (2003-2006) Trade Policies and Non-Tariff Barriers. Retrieved on August 5, 2006 from gfptt.org/Entities/TopicProfile.aspx?tid=f92038fa-aa0f-4487-8b2a-f6eac242828b. Wikipedia. (2006) Tariff. Retrieved on August 5, 2006 from, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs Yu, Z. (2006) A Model of Substitution of Non-Tariff Barriers. Retrieved on August 5, 2006 from nottingham.ac.uk/economics/leverhulme/research_papers/99_17.pdf Research Papers on Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms PaperDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paperAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

How to Write a Free Will Philosophy Essay

How to Write a Free Will Philosophy Essay Free Will Philosophy Essay Features of writing a philosophy essay on Free Will How to start writing Tips on how to start How to write an outline How to write a thesis for a philosophy essay on Free Will How to write an introduction Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis How to write body paragraphs Tips on body writing How to finish a philosophy essay on Free Will Tips on conclusion writing Tips on revision Sample Essay on Free Will Features of writing a philosophy essay on Free Will Writing about free will might seem easy but you may face a few challenges. First of all, for students who are not in the philosophy class, it would be vital to get familiar with the diverse schools of thought. As a writer, you must always have a position, especially when your essay is argumentative. Your position must always be substantiated by clearly elucidated points or arguments. As you will come to realize, philosophy papers require a lot of research so keep digging until you get arguments you find convincing. Ensure your paper is persuasive and that your readers will eventually either be forced to argue against your argument or will agree with your argument. How to start writing When you interact with accomplished writers, they will tell you to never be in a hurry when you want to start writing any paper or article. Additionally, they will caution you on how you start the writing process because it determines your grade. The first thing you need to know when you are writing an essay on Free Will is that it needs a lot of research. For you to determine your position and to develop persuasive arguments, you need to immerse yourself deeply in research. However, unlike what many students do, avoid the temptation of reading too much without making or taking relevant notes down. Therefore, make short notes while reading and especially any argument or point which you find convincing or relevant to your article. Remember also to develop an outline because it will make your work easier. Separate the sections (introduction, body, and conclusion) while you are creating the outline. Most importantly, however, determine your position. Tips on how to start Here are a few tips to help you start an essay on Free Will: Conduct extensive research. Take notes as you research. Develop a position or stance. Determine relevant arguments to help you write your essay. Develop or create an outline for your paper. How to write an outline Developing an outline is an important step in the writing process. Essentially, it contains the sections of your writing (introduction, body, and conclusion) and the points you will include in your paper. An outline should be thorough and contain all the points and arguments you wish to include in your paper. The thorough it will be, the better and easier it will be for you when you start creating your essay. However, remember it should be deeply grounded in research. So, below is a sample of an outline for an essay on Free Will. Introduction Define free will. History of free will. Thesis statement – free will does not equal free choice. Body First argument + evidence. Second argument + evidence. Third argument + evidence. The fourth argument – an opposing argument. Conclusion Restate your thesis. Enhance the argument by including something that will further the debate or discussion on Free Will. How to write a thesis for a philosophy essay on Free Will A thesis is simply your main point or argument. It includes your position and should be clearly written and included in the introduction. How to write an introduction The introduction indeed the most important section of your paper. This is because it is after reading your introduction that most writers will either be bored and quickly move on to something or will be highly interested and continue reading. Therefore, you need to start strongly and keep your readers yearning for more. Remember that your introduction should be brief and to the point. Accomplished writers will ask you to disclose enough to arouse your readers’ interest but make it brief to make them want and yearn for more. This tactic will keep them reading. Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis While writing the introduction and thesis, consider the following: Start with a hook, something to arouse the interest of your readers. Make it brief but with enough points. Include the thesis statement. Narrow the focus or scope of your thesis. How to write body paragraphs The body paragraphs mainly contain the supporting points or arguments. As stated earlier, the thesis statement contains your position or main argument. However, your paper will not be complete if it lacks supporting arguments or evidence to back up your thesis. The body section, therefore, is also another important piece in an essay. Each body paragraph must have a point that it is trying to communicate. Additionally, every point or argument must also be followed by ample supporting evidence. However, before you proceed to the conclusion (and this is mainly if you are writing an argumentative paper on Free Will), remember to include one last paragraph which elucidates further on the strongest argument against your position. Tips on body writing To write a perfect body, consider the following tips: Each paragraph must start with a topic sentence which holds the supporting argument. Every supporting argument must be followed by supporting sentences or ample evidence. Make use of transition words to show when you are moving from one point to another. Tie your points to the thesis statement and ensure they all help to further explain your position. Be thorough and always cite whenever you include information which is not original. For an argumentative essay, include an argument that is against your stance. How to finish a philosophy essay on Free Will When you are writing, the energy you start with must be coherent and be rationally and evenly distributed in your entire paper. Therefore, your conclusion must be as strong as your introduction and body. For a philosophy essay on Free Will, you will need to restate your position and also include the main points from your essay. However, instead of the clichà © ending, you can also include something like an anecdote to help further the discussion on free will. Tips on conclusion writing Consider the following tips while writing your conclusion: Restate your position or thesis statement. Mention the main points from your essay. Include an anecdote or a few sentences to help further the discussion on Free Will. Tips on revision Revising an essay simply entails the processes which help you to get a perfect essay. Accomplished writers will always stress this step because many students are usually in a hurry and often forget to revise their papers before they submit them. However, ensure that you always take this step seriously. Below are some tips to help you revise your paper the next time you write an essay: Read through your work several times after you have finished writing while making the necessary corrections. Ask a friend or a relative to read your work and to pinpoint any mistakes they might come across. Use some of the online revising tools to help you discover any mistakes you might have missed as you were proofreading. Philosophy Essay Sample: Free Will Almost every webpage or book written about free will seems to continue or further the various debates and disagreements brought by the term. All philosophers seem to want to say something regarding free will and each comment is always met with a certain response. However, one argument regarding the term always seems quite shallow to me. Often, you will hear some accomplished philosophers say that human beings do not have free will because God knows what we will do even before we do it. The simple fact that God is all-knowing and that he knows whichever choice we make means we are not free and are, therefore, not making any free choices as we would like to think. However, I believe this argument is irrelevant, and this is because of three things: knowing what happened, what happens, and what will happen does not necessarily equal to any interference; having a God who knows everything including our choices does not mean we are limited in the choices we make but that He knows what we wi ll choose in the future; God is also not limited to the past, present or the future and time is not in any way part of His being or nature. Free will is often defined as man’s innate ability to make equal or unrestricted choices. God knows all our choices, and this includes the ones we made, ones we are making, and the ones we will make. However, Him knowing these things is not equivalent to Him preventing or allowing some to happen. Every human being has an infinite number of options at every turn, but everyone always chooses among the ones he/she is familiar with. Unless in countries where dictatorship exists, my choice of an option is never restricted, but I always choose from a pool of options that I know of. However, the consequences or results are never affected, restricted or even impacted by God knowing the choice I will make. Him knowing never affects me. Additionally, God knowing also does not mean my choices are limited but that He knew beforehand what I would be up to today. God knew I would write this article, but I had the option of refusing to write it or even delegating it to someone else. My other options are still intact, and I am the one who decided to write the paper and Him knowing had nothing to do with the decision I made. My natural ability to choose or to make a choice is not affected and remains intact. I can choose to leave this article here and ask a friend to finish it for me. However, I am making a conscious choice to continue writing it. God knowing that I will write it or give it to a friend to finish has nothing to do with the choice I will make. Finally, a majority of the people with this notion believe that time is part of God’s nature or being. However, if the future like the present exists for God, then God is not part or does not exist in man’s time realm. Additionally, it means God is not restricted to the past, present, or the future. His being is everywhere hence our future choices are known to Him like our present choices are. Additionally, this only means that He knows what we, in our freedom, will choose come the time to make certain choices. This, however, does not take away our free will or our freedom to act or think as freely as we might like.

Danto essay essays

Danto essay essays Arthur Dantos claim that the end of art has arrived was really an attempt to explain how art history came to an end. While reading Dantos essay, my initial response I perceived was that Danto was claiming art is over. So I thought, why are there still so many art makers or art majors here at Marywood if art were truly over? After further examining the essay and from class lectures, it was more apparent what Danto was claiming. That is, people are still making art but the history of art is over. I agree with Dantos claim and will explain in this essay why the history of art is truly over. Danto does not claim no one is making art anymore or that no good quality art can be created. Rather, that the history of art is finished or over. In other words, art had its story in history and history is therefore no longer being made in art. Today, art makers are simply mirroring the past. Works of art that were produced up until the 1950s and early sixties were all part of the history of art that is now over. Since then, art makers continued to produce works of art but no one is able to say whether it is art or not. Hence, anything could be a work of art today. The evolution of art ended decades ago. For example, one may consider music and fashion and how both, have advanced over the past forty years. Since the introduction of rock and roll music in the 1950s and early sixties, has any new music really advanced or continued to shock anyone? With the exception of Rap music introduced in the seventies, one may agree that no new music has really shocked an audience the way rock American Pie to describe how the 50s music was now over and finished. In the following lyric Oh, and as I watched him on the stage-My hands w ...

The effects of debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The effects of debt - Essay Example Thus investors can receive a higher return on their investment. However, debt also leads to higher chance of bankruptcy and may restrict managerial behaviours. Thus the firm becomes more risky and on lower levels of return the earns to stock holders declines. The effects of debt on weighted average cost of capital (WACC) are uncertain. It is known that debt reduces the weighted average cost of capital since debt is cheaper than common equity due to tax saving. But since a higher return is demanded from common stock holders the actual effect is not know. Agency costs as well as financial distress may limit the usage of debt. Distress costs are usually higher for firms with significant intangible assets. The precise identification of a firm's optimal capital structure is impossible. There is also no exact measure for the effects of capital structure of a firm on its cost of capital or on the firm's stock prices. Based on this we can only estimate to an extent only what the optimum capital structure would be. The trade-off theory of leverage is one in which a firm trades off the favourable corporate tax treatments, that are, the benefits of debt financing, against high interest rates and costs of bankruptcies. Thus the firm optimizes the capital structure of the firm and balances the debt and equity in an optimum ratio. The trade off theory in effect realizes that agency cos... The higher the leverage of the firm the higher are the chances of distress faced by the managers. Thus as the level of debt increases in the firm, the cost of debt also increases. This makes debt more expensive as we take more debt. Similar is the case with equity as the debt level increases in the firm, the return on equity demanded by common stock holders increases. The salient features and implications of the trade-off theory are: 1. Debt becomes less expensive than common or preferred stock as interest paid on it is a deductible expense and thus debt provides tax shelters. However, firms do not use 100% debt since this increases the risk of the firm and thus to reduce costs of bankruptcies. 2. The tax benefits attained from low levels of leverage outweigh the bankruptcy costs but the bankruptcy costs outweigh the tax benefits at high levels of leverage. Thus a balance of the leverage in a firm has to be kept. 3. Nonetheless optimal capital structures do exist that can balance the benefits of tax shelters attained from leverage against its bankruptcy costs. The method adopted to minimize the weighted average cost of capital is as follows: The cost of debt and the cost of equity is evaluated at different levels or ratios of debt. Based on this a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is calculated by assigning market value of capital and market value of debt. This then gives the point where WACC can be minimized. This point is the optimum capital structure. Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow Jensen explains that excess cash flow is the excess cash flow over the required to fund all projects with a positive net present value. Thus essentially free cash flow is the cash flow available for dividend payout.

Introduction To History Of Technology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introduction To History Of Technology - Article Example The initial examples of prosthetics, as well as amputations, were identified in the ancient Egyptian territory. The ancient Egyptians believed that a person who got amputated in life carried on the amputation into afterlife status. Hence, they got buried with the missing prosthetic devices. These prosthetics got uncovered later in the 15th century. The history, however, is more about the Greeks and Romans than it is of Egypt. For instance, it was in the 484 BC, when a Persian soldier escaped the Greek prison through amputating the leg and replaced it with a wooden prosthesis. Medical technology is vivid in this context. It is stipulated that the dark ages were the periods where prosthetic technology, as well as the scientific technology, developed. However, the pace of development was relatively low. In fact, the devices that got developed with respect to the development of this technology were of insuperable sizes. The devices were heavy and large. They got made of wood, leather peg legs, and metal. Therefore, they remain similar to those of the Greek periods. The amputees were essentially used to using the early clutches which got made of wood together with leather. The blacksmiths of the time designed these knight armor devices to resemble a camouflage handicap. Hence, it did not have to look like an everyday functioning limb. In relation to the history of the limb prosthetics, diseases got cured through amputations and use of cannons. This is one of the memorable medical attempts in that particular historical age.  

Management Buy Outs in the hospitality (hotel) industry Essay

Management Buy Outs in the hospitality (hotel) industry - Essay Example Most managers need additional financial support from leveraged buyout (LBO) (Ledger, 2015). There are current developments in the hospitality industry involving management buyouts (Wei & Hudson, 2008). This paper examines management buyouts in the hospitality industry, with particular emphasis on hotels, its financial benefits, and possible risks involved. In leveraged buyouts (LBO), large portion of purchasing funds is a debt financed. Buyout associations privately own the remaining equity. MBO get financial assistance from private equity investors who receive shares in the new company as buyout associates. Managers always have internal information about the enterprise than outside shareholders. That is the advantage they over external bidders. Owing to the prior information related to the business they possess, managers tend to purchase the company with excellent prospects for future development. For example, the buying of Menzies Hotel by its management in 2011 led to the restructuring of the Hotel under a new company called Cordial Hotels. Another significant example is the successful closure of Gulf Capital, one of the most active and investments in the Middle East in Abu Dhabi (Gulf Capital, 2015). Management buyouts have diverse financial advantages. There are three groups of parties affected by management buyouts from a financial viewpoint. Stockholder the hotel business entity, the managers and employees, all experience the financial implications of management buyouts. Buyouts may imply the sponsor (s) privately acquires the hotel enterprise or company. Shareholders, therefore, cease to own the company or hotel business. Contrary to the case of a merger, shareholders may not have control over the company’s finances. In fact, they may lose their equity in the company (Wilson & Wright, 2013). Should the sponsors fail to acquire the company,

Gendered Eating Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gendered Eating - Coursework Example The gender of the person behind the real food preparation matters in cooking and food preferences. Recently, I noted that even in communities that regard woman’s real place as the kitchen, men will still prefer being served by a man in a restaurant. This, to me means that the man in the hotel is preferred than the woman, while, at home, a woman has the responsibility of preparing food for the family. Further, this can also be interpreted to mean that professionally, men are the considered to be better cooks while women are more involved with the behind the curtains preparations and writings. In line with the cooking responsibility bestowed on the women from traditions, their experience in the field is significant, their involvement in instructional cooking ascertains their legitimate position. However, the men are considered to be better in arts than women are. This makes them more visible and relevant when it comes to the real activity of cooking. Therefore, cooking art is dominated by men while the women occupy an even more important position of teachers and instructors. Regardless of who appears with the food on your table, multiple players have been

Slavery in Civil War Era Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Slavery in Civil War Era - Coursework Example These came to be known as the Confederate States whose members were slave-owning states, and this led to the prominence of two men whose views on slavery were entirely opposite of one another. The first is Abraham Lincoln who was among the biggest proponents of the eradication of slavery in all the states within the union, and the other is Jefferson Davis who was a principal proponent of the institution of slavery and believed that it was a necessary part of the economy at the time. These two men shall be discussed in this paper in relation to their positions on the institution of slavery. The institution of slavery lasted for over three hundred and fifty years in what is today the United States until it was finally abolished in the eighteen sixties. It was one of the most brutal and dehumanizing institutions in the annals of the human race with the greatest victims being the African slaves. African slaves were imported like commodities from Africa to work in the large white-owned pl antations because they could withstand those European diseases, which normally killed the Indian slaves. Moreover, the ability of the Africans to work in the harsh conditions of a hot sun was seen to be an added advantage for their conversion to slaves. Europeans used various means to justify their enslavement of Africans, and one of these was that the bible stated that they were the children of Ham and that they had been cursed to be slaves to the other races that were descended from Noah. Another justification was the belief that Africans were subhuman; such that they were inferior to the white race and that because of this it was justifiable to treat them in any way one wanted because they had no human feelings at all. These highly mistaken concepts ensured that slavery continued, and many Africans were brought to America and forced to undertake tasks under extremely harsh and brutal conditions for the sake of making a profit for their masters. It is for the purpose of ending thi s institution that the American Civil War took place.

Gendered Eating Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gendered Eating - Coursework Example The gender of the person behind the real food preparation matters in cooking and food preferences. Recently, I noted that even in communities that regard woman’s real place as the kitchen, men will still prefer being served by a man in a restaurant. This, to me means that the man in the hotel is preferred than the woman, while, at home, a woman has the responsibility of preparing food for the family. Further, this can also be interpreted to mean that professionally, men are the considered to be better cooks while women are more involved with the behind the curtains preparations and writings. In line with the cooking responsibility bestowed on the women from traditions, their experience in the field is significant, their involvement in instructional cooking ascertains their legitimate position. However, the men are considered to be better in arts than women are. This makes them more visible and relevant when it comes to the real activity of cooking. Therefore, cooking art is dominated by men while the women occupy an even more important position of teachers and instructors. Regardless of who appears with the food on your table, multiple players have been

Buyer Behaviour Academic Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Buyer Behaviour Academic Paper - Essay Example Manual efforts have been considerably reduced in mathematical calculations, analysis and interpretations of data because of computer and internet. Most of the companies have redefined their organizational strategies in order to accommodate and make use of the internet technologies. Organizational principles need to be restructured in order to exploit the possibilities of computers and internet. For example, the core function like marketing needs to be revised in order to target the online consumers. Consumer trends also have undergone rapid changes because of internet. Internet and its influence on consumers irrespective of children or elder people forced organizations to formulate custom made strategies for the internet users. The main advantage of internet is that the marketers can prepare custom made marketing strategies for internet users by sending customised e-mails. This paper analyses the importance of online technologies and online environment for influencing buyer behaviours based on some preliminary and secondary data collected through interviews and other sources of references. Apart from real life on real world, most of the people have a secondary life on a virtual world mainly around the computers and internet. Majority of the human population may not be satisfied with their real world experiences. The life which they dreamed of may not be possible for them because of so many constraints in the family and the society. Such people can fulfil their dream up to certain extent using the online environment. Online environment and the anonymity offered by it provide the people to release their hidden stresses and desires to other communities. A real friend in real life is a dream for most of the people because of the changing moral and ethical concepts of life. Even husband and wife may not share all of their suppressed desires between them because of the lack of trust between them. Recently I have watched an Indian movie

Feedback in learning Essay Example for Free

Feedback in learning Essay 1.0What is feedback?:â€Å"The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great inspires† William Arthur Ward A teacher carries a big responsibility in area of learning. Some people believe a teacher’s job is to teach and a student’s job is to learn. In today’s classroom, the role of teacher is totally different. Teacher as a facilitator of learning, mentor for learner and classroom supporter. The excellent teacher will take various actions in way to help their students to be successful in their life. So that, one of the action is teacher should provide assessment feedback in way to enhance the learning. Feedback is normally something which happens as a result of cycle teaching and learning action. It can give either before, during or after the learning had been occurs. Generally, what is feedback? Is it guidance, evaluation or praise? As mentioned by Ramaprasad (1983), feedback is information about the gap between the actual level and the reference level of a system parameter which is used to alter the gap in some way. Furthermore, the definition by Ramaprasad also supported of new research by Shute (2007) that define the feedback as represent information communicated to the learner that is intended to modify the learner’s thinking or behaviour for the purpose of improving learning. Hence, in learning, feedback should usually presented as information to a student in response to some action on the current level of performance and help them to be better. Correspondingly the educationist agree that assessment feedback is an important part of learning cycle but nowadays students frequently express disappointment and frustration in relation to the conduct of the feedback process. Students may complain that feedback on assessment is unhelpful or unclear and not provide any tips to them to improve their current performance. As a result, students will always repeat the mistake until they get to know the correct answers. Studies of the impact on student learning achievement indicate that feedback has the potential to have a significant effect on student learning achievement (Hattie Timperley, 2007). Feedback should give immediately during the learning process. That can really help student to do self-reflection on their quality of learning. They can figure out did he/she in the right track and how to improve their understanding. Types of feedback: Main focus of given assessment feedback is to describes qualities of work in relation to the learning target. Teacher should give attention to the quality of their written feedback. There are two types of feedback, evaluative feedback and descriptive feedback. Evaluative feedback refers to a summary of student current achievement or performed on the particular task. This feedback is often come out with letter of grades, numbers, check marks, symbols and generals comment such as â€Å"good†, â€Å"excellent† and â€Å"need help†. While, descriptive feedback is specific or detail information in the form of written comments or conversations that help the student understand what he/she needs to do in improve their level of understanding. There are several examples of evaluative and descriptive feedback: Evaluative Feedback Descriptive Feedback â€Å"Try harder next time† â€Å"Your topic discussion is clear and have good examples, your next step might be to check back your grammatical errors† â€Å"90%! A+! Excellent Work! Keep it up!† â€Å"You’re made some simple mistakes in your calculation, remember back the formula use. Please check back the first step until the last step in your calculation for question 10.† Table 1: Examples of Evaluative and Descriptive Feedback Based on examples given, evaluative feedback more to provide a judgement on the quality of the learning task that student did while descriptive feedback focus on helps the student understand what he or she needs to do to improve their current achievement. Besides that, evaluative feedback shown to us those teachers only tells learner or students how they compare to others and descriptive feedback will provide specific information in the form of written comments or conversations more help learner. Regardless of the types of feedback given, either evaluative or descriptive, effective feedback needs to be informative, prompt and guiding. Informative feedback highlights strengths and weaknesses, giving specific examples or explanations. Prompt feedback is returned to students within an agreed timescale for the work submitted. Guiding feedback offer suggestions about how students can improve their learning. All of that combining together to help students to do better the next time. This statement also have support  by Hattie and Timperley (2007), they mention that the most improvement in student learning takes place when students got information feedback about the task and how to do more effectively. Below are examples of evaluative and descriptive feedback given by teachersFeedback as teaching style of scaffolding: As we already know, feedback provides information and guide to students by teachers about learning. That is one criteria of scaffolding. Scaffolding is the core of traditional apprenticeship. It is refers to given support that provides by expert or teacher as steps to improve their learning. It helps to reduce the gap between the student current level of understanding or performance and a desired goal. According to Hattle and Timperley (2007), they mention that depending on the nature and delivery of the feedback, it can have powerful positive effects on student learning and engagement. Beside that in the research by Assessment Reform Group (2002) , also mention that feedback as coaching and scaffolding students. The given feedback is an essential practice of assessment for learning. The process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learner and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there by helping of teachers. That the main reason why the teacher’s feedback important, providing the support necessary for student to proceed towards the next stage or level and achieving the learning goal. Student will view the feedback as improving tips in which students receive information and construct meaning to close the gap. The students need to do something based on the guided giving in the feedback. Scaffolding instructional originated from Vygotsky’s ideas on learning. Vygotsky’s comes out with two levels of learning development. The first level is Actual Development that what learner has already reached. It is the level which the learner is capable of solving problems independently. The second level is called Potential Development which the learner not capable of doing the moment but have potential to do so. Between the actual and potential levels, Vygotsky said that there was what was called a Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Proximal means next. In context of feedback, it should act as scaffold by providing tips and support necessary for student to proceed the next stage or level. Without the support students may be unable to accomplish the target. As the result, students will extend their understanding and make improvement. Figure 3: ZPD (Zone of Proximal  Development) Diagram When teacher incorporate scaffolding in feedback, they become more to mentor and facilitator of knowledge rather than the dominant content expert. This teaching style that include with scaffolding will make student active role in class to achieving learning goal. Besides that, it also provides a welcoming and caring learning environment. â€Å"I take care of you and I hope you will be success in future†. Expiration in feedback on student assessment will make them realize that even they did wrong is not means he/she is stupid student. They have room to improve. As conclusion, the best assessment feedback, scaffold student to achieve the higher performance in learning target. Feedback as affective domain in learning: Since 1950’s, research have been done in cognitive theory and educationist had use the Bloom’s (1956) taxonomies of learning. Bloom has mentioned that in learning should have three learning domains. The cognitive domain, affective domain and psychomotor domain. Feedback is referring to affective domain. In affective domain includes feeling, emotion, attitudes, values and motivation. As students that receiving the feedback, they need all of the aspect that include in affective domain. Teacher should play with all of these aspects. Teacher must provide clear understanding. Feedback should be brief, concise statements, in student-friendly language that describe what students are to know and be able to do at the end of feedback. Feedback can be one of the ways to encourage positive motivational belief and self-esteem. There are some ideas for motivating students. Teachers can start the feedback with praises like good job, excellent job, great, brilliant idea, â€Å"You are starting to understand this but†, â€Å"This is quality work because†, â€Å"Two things you really did well are† and many more on what they do well. Praise the work or process that focus in achieving the learning goal. Second step, teachers proceed with intervention that tells the student what needs improving and give enough information in way to help them to do better. It can sound like â€Å"Your thinking shows.†, â€Å"One thing to improve on..†, â€Å"You need more†, and many more. Next step, teachers share the improvement strategies such as â€Å"Your next steps might be..†, and â€Å"You might try†. The ways that teachers give the  feedback have relationship with the flow of affective domain as described by Krathwohl et.al (1964). They start with receiving, responding, valuing, organizing and ended with acting. Students will receiving the feedback as their new information of mark, wrong answers and the current level that he/she mastering the knowledge. Am I really understood or I just understand little bit? Step 2, responding. Students will respond on feedback given by teacher. They being actively participating based on feedback given to achieve learning g oal. Step 3, valuing. They attaching worth to feedback given and try to do correction on the task. After they do the correction, they will organize the new concept and change their existing understanding. The last is characterization. They have the correct understanding and will apply the concept in correct way without misconception. It is the effective way that feedback can help students learn better in positive environment in implement the affective domain. Feedback will demonstrate appropriate ways of enhancing the performance on the task and offer strategies that invite more learner responsibility to improve. â€Å"Education is not the filling of a pail but the lighting of a fire† William Butler Yeats Feedback as reflection on learning process: Reflection needed students to capture back on their performance in the task given. It also needs students to have clear comparison about their previous performance and current performance. There are three types of reflection that suite with the feedback: reflection on your process, comparison of your performance to that of others and comparison of your performance to a set of criteria for evaluating performance (Schon, 1983). How feedback can be as reflection on learning process? Firstly, reflect on the feedback process. By feedback, students are encourages to look back at how they react and given answer on the task. Teachers will describes the qualities of work in relation to the learning targets. That can make them see how they might have done better and what they need to improve. That is the first step as feedback starter, reflect on achievement. Second, compare of student performance with others. These types of reflection are referring to evaluative feedback. In evaluative feedba ck teachers will give grades, numbers, check marks, symbols and generals comment such as â€Å"good†,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"excellent† and â€Å"need help†. Based on the feedback, students analyze by comparing their performance with friends in hope he/she will motivate to achieve better. The final types of reflection are comparison of student performance to a set of criteria for evaluating performances. These are focus on intervention and improvement that include in feedback. Teachers will share idea on what students needs to improve and gives enough information so the students will knows what the next step to apply. That really show the function of feedback as reflection, facilitates the development of self-assessment in learning.Conclusion: Assessment feedback should play as important role in teaching and learning. Firstly, feedback is a way that teacher can use to determine and analyse how far your student gain the knowledge and what should you suggest to them in helping them success in mastery the knowledge. Secondly, assessment feedback will attract low achievement students to be active learner and more motivated to achieve the learning goal. Overall, assessment feedback should take as important aspect in learning process. Teacher need to apply and change the feedback given in way to help student to be success in future.

Assagioli’s Theory of Psychosynthesis

Assagioli’s Theory of Psychosynthesis The I, the Self: Building the Bridge Only the development of his inner powers can offset the dangers inherent in man’s losing control of the tremendous natural forces at his disposal and becoming the victim of his own achievements. —Roberto Assagioli Introduction Therapists use Assagioli’s theory of psychosynthesis to help clients develop a complete and authentic identity that is fully able to access the true Self that pervades all levels of the conscious and unconscious mind. Because it is a common assumption that personality structures form by the time a child is five years old, transforming a fragmented consciousness into a whole identity is often a long and difficult process, especially in cases of severe trauma. This paper seeks to examine this process—in particular, how an individual can develop a new mental field that is freed from the past and oriented toward a hierarchy of values rather than specific affective events. The secondary purpose of this study is to examine which dynamics keep the individual locked into destructive personality patterns that no longer serve them and the solutions this method (psychosynthesis) offers to prospective clients. Soul Trauma More than two thousand years ago, Siddhartha Gautama famously declared that ‘life is suffering.’ Indeed, very few people get through it without suffering some kind of trauma in their formative years. Quite often, these early traumas cause a breach between the personal self (I) and the Self. When this connection is disrupted, the individual feels a palpable threat to his very existence.[1] When a child incurs the wrath of his caretakers, he feels the lack of connection more intensely. Because the caretakers are so instrumental to a child’s survival, the child perceives displeasure as a genuine threat that the caretaker will hurt him or stop fulfilling his needs. The child then becomes sensitized to external threats. This overwhelming sense of a threat is what psychosynthesis theorists refer to as the primal wound that is responsible for the individual’s fall from grace. Before this wound makes its indelible mark upon the soul, the individual has little sense of his own mortality—and the personal self is indistinguishable from the Self. Because this fracture is so painful to the psyche, people will create defence mechanisms to preserve the integrity of their being—even if it means splitting themselves into parts.[2] Shutting oneself off from the wound is tantamount to amputating a gangrene-infested leg—cutting off the poison in order to preserve the whole, even if it means causing it damage. Although this shutting off can contribute to maladaptive conditions later in life, these defence mechanisms help the individual cope in the present. However, when relationships begin to suffer or they are not accomplishing personal objectives, some people are aware that something is fundamentally wrong and seek professional help. The difference between psychosynthesis and traditional psychoanalytic therapy is a lessened emphasis on the past with more of a focus toward reorienting one’s core values; however, prior events a re not completely ignored because it can shed light on the fundamental assumptions governing the client’s life and turn them in a more healthy direction. Repression, Denial, and Splitting In most families, children conform to the rules and will of their parents, partially because it helps them survive and partially because these structures help them define themselves as individuals. However, some people will hold beliefs or thoughts that they know is not acceptable to their family of origin or culture and thus denying that part of themselves or part of the experience in order to retain that sense of belongingness. Causes and symptoms of this split include: a fundamentally weak sense of self, a fragmented consciousness where one’s conceptual map has very few connections, in a clinical setting the therapist can never be certain what the client is thinking or feeling, the client believes that he or she is fundamentally a bad person and that no one could possibly love him or her after personal revelation, etc.[3] These attitudes often originate in clients with a past history of abuse, neglect, or a need to protect family members by creating a persona that is more t o their liking.[4] This mechanism of repression is not without cause, as many people have been killed for deviating from cultural, social, and familial norms. However, in cultures that place great value on individual happiness and finding a purpose that is congruent with one’s gifts and talents, this is a liability, as the individual must discover the S(s)elf before finding his path. Interestingly, some theorists believe that what lies at the root of the problem is not the experience, but the repression of it. ‘Many people evidence the psychological symptom of denial, or psychic numbing. If denial has become a social norm, how can we use social norms to gauge a person’s health or to set appropriate goals in therapy?’[5] The Institute of Psychosynthesis encourages therapists to first build the strength of the ego and discover the personality while avoiding attacks on personal weaknesses, mirroring the client to encourage identification and connectedness, an d possibly integrate the disowned parts of the client.[6] Another approach involves encouraging the client to move to the core of one of the sub-personalities in order to find something that is good—the root of its dysfunction is the non-allowance of the expression—i.e. a high achieving person needs love but cannot ask for it directly, nor can the critical person ask for the security of being in control.[7] In fact, this approach includes treating the sub-personality as one would a person, because distortions are most often found in this realm. ‘Compassion can become pity; love can become dependency; humour can become sarcasm; strength can become rigidity. But the converse is also true, for these qualities can be elevated to or transformed into their essential nature.’[8] Using guided imagery, the therapist can contact each aspect of the individual; help bring its most beneficial aspects to the surface in order to facilitate the re-integration process. The Personal ‘I’: The Story of the ‘Self’ Although the framework for transpersonal experience has existed for thousands of years, it is only within the past fifty years that it has become a respectable method of psychotherapy. Both the Eastern and Western religious traditions support the rediscovery of the Self—the part of the individual that is beyond the personal self even as it includes it. In the West, the Self (or the Soul) is the immortal part that is elevated above the dross of every day life. In the Eastern traditions, the Self is attempting to reintegrate with the Cosmos by having multiple experiences. Native Americans undergo rigorous purification rituals such as body piercing, hours in the sweat lodge, and the Sun Dance in order to induce a trance state and to make contact with the spirit world.[9] In both religion and psychosynthesis, the Self is the culmination of a person’s experiences and attributes. Until Assagioli had come up with the concept, this approach was unutilised by modern psychologist s, as the dominant therapeutic approach was psychoanalysis where therapists and clients will discuss the client’s past and analyse it in order to give the client a greater understanding of himself. While that is a good place to begin the journey of self-discovery, it does not take the client to the point of unification. Traditional psychoanalysis did not include an understanding of this higher Self, simply the tripartite ego structure and the basic drives that motivate humans. Assagioli makes use of Freud’s model as the lower and higher unconscious functions correspond with the id and superego respectively, while the middle unconscious corresponds with Freud’s conception of the ‘preconscious.’[10] He also borrows from Jung’s concepts by including the spiritual realms of the psyche. One practical application therapists may use in their practice is CEIS: Creative Exploration of Inner Space. It is a twelve-step application of Assagioli’s theories that was developed after twenty-seven years of practice.[11] The first step is solitude. The client creates a ‘sacred space’ or an inner sweat lodge to begin his journey inward. Brown argues that this dissociation from the personal identity will lead to objectivity about day-to-day activities and concerns.[12] Solitude is encouraged because individuals have great difficulty maintaining a strong sense of self with pervasive influences such as the media or when significant others (friends, family members, mates) have strong personalities and expect the individual to conform to their idea of what is correct. Next, the therapist will invite the client to relax for five minutes before progressing to the next step, which includes deep reflective thinking upon a subject for ten minutes (this is done in writing). This is followed by receptive thinking, visualization, mandala art, cognitive analysis, and inner dialogue. After this, the client arrives at step nine, the s ymbolic identification or psychodrama with which the Psychosynthesis School is concerned. ‘Clients are instructed to take one step forward and enter the image; to become the image physically; and to allow movements or gestures to occur or postures that might help them connect, identify with, and become the image completely†¦ Symbolic identification can lead to more expressive uses of the body, to new sensations, and to the development of empathy and compassion.’[13] Ideally, after the experience is complete, the client will integrate the experience in their homework, attain closure, and share the experience with someone close to them. Brown had great success with this method because the session was infused with a meaning that is specific to the client, as opposed to categorizing him or her as an obsessive-compulsive, depressive, etc. and drugging the client accordingly. Crises of Meaning Perhaps there was less mental confusion in the past because the ancients had rites governing each stage of life and people were more aware of what they were supposed to do. Today, there are so many choices and very few cultural traditions for the life cycle, especially in industrialised Western nations. This is where we observe the common crises at birth, adolescence and mid-life. When the individual is born, he leaves a warm environment where his every wish is granted to a place where he is cold, hungry, and separate.[14] The infant is distressed because it intuitively knows that separation is dangerous, and even the most attentive parents cannot provide the security the child is missing from the womb environment. As the infant grows, the psychological structures such as the Superego and Ego begin to gain strength, and this is where a child learns how romantic relationships work by observing the parental imagos. When relations between the parents (as well as the parent-child relatio nship) are dysfunctional, the child often grows up to project these issues onto a romantic partner. In ancient society, the onset of puberty signalled to the group that there was a new full participant in the social order. There was a ceremony where the individual would shed his status as a child and be welcomed into the group as an adult. There is no such phenomenon today because childhood is legally extended years past biological maturity, which would make the final transition to adulthood more difficult. At this point, the individual becomes emotionally separated from childhood and parents to embrace a new identity independent of childhood structures†¦this is a time of self-definition. In the mid-life crisis, the individual comes to face his own mortality and experiences the mental/personality separation. This is the time when people are most likely to seek therapy to resolve past issues as many are afflicted with severe depression out of a feeling of wasting their life and looking toward a future where death looms larger than safety. In sum, psychosynthesis proposes to unite the various and sundry portions of ourselves in order that we may be better equipped to confront the crises that will ultimately affect everyone. Bibliography Brown, Michael. ‘A Psychosynthesis Twelve Step Program for Transforming Consciousness: Creative Explorations of Inner Space, Counselling and Values, Vol. 45, No. 2, (2001), pp. 103-17 Brown, Molly Young. Unfolding Self: The Practice of Psychosynthesis, New York: Allworth Press, 2004 Evans, Joan. Institute of Psychosynthesis Manual. (1990) Firman, John Ann Gila. The Primal Wound: A Transpersonal View of Trauma, Addiction, and Growth, New York: SUNY Press, 1997 Grof, Stanislav. Beyond the Brain: Birth, Death, and Transcendence in Psychotherapy. New York: SUNY Press, 1985 Whitmore, Diana. Psychosynthesis Counselling in Action. London: SAGE Publications, 2004 Footnotes [1] John Firman Ann Gila. The Primal Wound: A Transpersonal View of Trauma, Addiction, and Growth, (New York: SUNY Press, 1997) 89 [2] Firman and Gila, 90 [3] Joan Evans. Institute of Psychosynthesis Manual, 1990, 64 [4]Evans, 65 [5] Molly Young Brown. Unfolding Self: The Practice of Psychosynthesis, (New York: Allworth Press, 2004) 10 [6] Evans, 65 [7] Diana Whitmore. Psychosynthesis Counselling in Action. (London: SAGE Publications, 2004) 93 [8] Ibid. [9]Michael Brown. ‘A Psychosynthesis Twelve Step Program for Transforming Consciousness: Creative Explorations of Inner Space, Counselling and Values, Vol. 45, No. 2, (2001) 103 [10] Stanislav Grof. Beyond the Brain: Birth, Death, and Transcendence in Psychotherapy. (New York: SUNY Press, 1985) 193 [11] Michael Brown. ‘A Psychosynthesis Twelve Step Program for Transforming Consciousness: Creative Explorations of Inner Space, Counselling and Values, Vol. 45, No. 2, (2001) 113 [12] Brown, 114 [13] Brown, 115 [14] Evans, 210

Biodiesel vs. Ethanol Essay -- Compare Contrast Fuel Essays Papers

Biodiesel vs. Ethanol Both biodiesel and ethanol are derivatives of biomass that have been processed to create a liquid biofuel. Both types of biofuels have been touted as secure and environmentally safe alternatives to fossil fuels, however the research verifying these claims is extensive but often contradicting. In the following paper, the efficiency and quality of the two types of biofuel will be discussed. The effects of variables such as source materials and production techniques on efficiency and quality will be considered. Due to the limited scope of this paper however, only generalized net analyses of ethanol and biodiesel production will be considered. The production of ethanol requires one of two source materials, cellulose or sucrose, both of which are complex sugars. Currently, corn and sugar cane are the primary source materials for ethanol; however it can be produced from any plant cellulose. Ethanol is created using chemical and non chemical processes. These processes include liquefication, saccharification, fermentation, and distillation (Malca and Freire, 2006). Today, the world’s ethanol is primarily produced in Brazil using sugarcane. The second largest producer of ethanol is the United States, where it is created from corn. Ethanol has the largest production mass of all the biofuels (Powlson, Riche, and Shield, 2005). In 2003 Brazil produced 9.9 million tons, as compared to 8.4 million tons produced by the United States, and 1.75 million tons produced in Europe (Malca and Freire, 2006). Biodiesel is produced by subjecting the triglycerides found in vegetables oils and fats to transesterification, which is the exchanging of the alkoxy group of an ester compound by another alcohol. This creates an ox... ... dbio-ethyl tertiary butyl ether (bioETBE): Assessing the implications of allocation. Energy, 31: pp. 3362-3380. McCormick R, Graboski M, Alleman T, and Herring A. (2001). Impact of biodiesel source material and chemical structure on emissions of criteria pollutants from a heavy-duty engine. Environmental Science Technology, 35 (9): pp. 1742-1747. Pimental D and Patzek (2005). Ethanol Production using Corn, Switchgrass and Wood; Biodiesel Production using soybean and Sunflower. Earth and Environmental Sciences, 14 (1). Powlson DS, Riche AB, and Shield, I. (2005). Biofuels and other approaches for decreasing fossil fuel emissions from agriculture. Annals of Applied Biology, 146: pp. 193-201. Van Gerpen JV. (1996). Cetane number testing of biodiesel. National Biodiesel Board Reports Database, Liquid Fuels and Industrial Products from Renewable Sources.

Free Essay on Whartons Ethan Frome: Symbols and Symbolism :: Ethan Frome Essays

Symbolism in Ethan Frome Ethan Frome, the classic novel written by Edith Wharton contains a great amount of symbolism.   The symbolism allows the characters to express themselves more clearly to the reader.   It brings incidents and personalities together in meaning.   The story’s symbolic events is what pulls characters together in time of need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Starkfield Massachusetts is a boring cold farm town.   People become very ill there from the terribly harsh winters.   Winter greatly affects the actions and behaviors of the characters.   No quote better describes the harsh winters of Starkfield, and the effect that it had on the townspeople, than the following: When I had been there a little longer, and had seen this phase of crystal clearness followed buy long stretches of sunless cold; when the storms of February had pitched their white tents about the devoted village and the wild cavalry of March winds had charged down o their support; I began to understand why Starkfield emerged from its six months’ siege like a starved garrison capitulating without quarter (7).   Another truly symbolic point of the story is the Elm tree.   The Elm tree symbolizes the end and the escape of two lives.   Even though Mattie an Ethan were not killed by the sled crash, that was their purpose.   The Elm tree also symbolizes strength and courage.   After the crash, the Elm tree was still standing, while Ethan and Mattie were terribly injured.   If Ethan was a stronger person he would not have crashed into the tree with Mattie.   He would have had the strength to say â€Å"no† in the first place.   Zeena who was once a hypochondriac, recovered, and now she takes care of Mattie and Ethan. â€Å"It was a miracle, considering how sick she was-but she seemed to be raised right up just when the call came to her.† (131)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The incident with the red dish is the most symbolic event in the story.   The red dish was a wedding present given to Zeena by one of her relatives.   When the red dish broke, it symbolized the breaking of Ethan’s heart when he found out that Zeena wanted Mattie to leave.   Zeena never used the dish, she kept it in the closet.   One day when Zeena went to get her medicine, she discovered that dish was broken, and that someone attempted to glue it back together.

Concert Report Essay

Thesis statement: â€Å"This report will simply discuss how Ludwig van Beethoven integrated old and new musical ideas into his work, thus creating an unconventional but transcendent and influential quartet, based on the String Quartet No.9 in C, Op. 59, No.3 â€Å"Razumovsky† performed on the concert.† On 22nd Nov, Shanghai Quartet, one of the world’s foremost chamber ensembles, performed two musical works. They are Ludwig van Beethoven’s String Quartet No.9 in C, Op. 59, No.3 â€Å"Razumovsky † and Antonin Dvorak’s Piano Quintet No.2 in A, B. 155, Op.82. In this report, I will focus on discussing Beethoven’s work. 1Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic period in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential icon for all composers. His best-known compositions include 9symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 32 piano sonatas, and 16 string quartets. 2The String Quartet No.9 in C, Op. 59, No.3 â€Å"Razumovsky† was written in around 1805-1806, when Beethoven was aged 35 and was at the height of his productivity. It is called the ‘Razumovsky’ quartets because it is commissioned by a Russian count of that name, who was the Tzar’s ambassador in Vienna, a keen amateur violinist and a confirmed music lover. The quartet consists of the following four movements: 1. Andante con moto – Allegro vivace (C major) 2. Andante con moto quasi allegretto (A minor) 3. Menuetto (Grazioso) (C major) 4. Allegro molto (C major) I will focus on discussing how Beethoven integrated old and new ideas into the second, third and final movements The second movement brings us to an unconventional territory. Beethoven tried something radical and that is an entire Russian movement. The ‘exotic’ flavor of this movement is easy enough to hear in the augmented second intervals of the opening violin melody, the frequent pizzicato accompaniment of the cello in which as if it imitates a ‘folk’ instrument such as guitar of harp and especially in the long passages of static harmony. Indeed, Beethoven is successful in conjuring up this  sense of geographical distance that the movement sounds very similar to the ‘nationalist’ inspiration from decades later, by Romantic period composers like Dvorak or Borodin or Chaikovsky. But the extreme modulations and patient logic of the tonal return betray it back to its time and composer. While the second movement gives an unconventional feeling and goes for something new during that time, the third movement gestures in the opposite direction. During Beethoven’s ‘middle’ period, he tended to avoid the Minuet and Trio format and try to use the robust Scherzo in his works; but here he returns to the somewhat-old-fashioned form, in a movement with a characteristic rhythmic motive in the opening seamlessly exchanged between instruments. As if to complete the ‘old-fashioned’ mode, the Trio’s uncomplicated dance character and rising ending melodies even bring us back to the world of early Haydn, who is a Classical Period composer. Everything in this quartet has been a surprise so far, and the last movement is no exception. It is led by a gentle coda to the third movement that ends on a question mark. But then, of all things, we are presented with the start of a traditional fugue, led off by the viola at a furious tempo. Again we have a sense of traveling between the new and the old. Fugues were by now an ancient, learned device; but Beethoven integrates this one into the most extrovert and ‘public’ of moods – as a display of evident virtuosity for the four soloists. What is more, as soon as the four entries have been completed, there are not any formal counterpoints and Beethoven explores instead the grandiose, ‘symphonic’ modes, especially that flamboyant celebration of an enormous C-major space on all four instruments. All in all, Beethoven is so successful in integrating old musical ideas, coming from the Romantic or even the Classical period, and his new thoughts into this quartet. While I listened to it, it acts like a time machine, bringing us to travel between old and new. No wonder it is regarded as one the most transcendent quartet composed by Beethoven.

Osmosis in Red Onion Cells

Osmosis in Red Onion Cells By: Youssef Gharib Brief Description of Osmosis in Red Onion cells: Osmosis is the diffusion of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration across a semi-permeable membrane. The purpose of this lab is to compare the three different types of solutions affect on the relative size of the vacuole to the cell, the outer membrane of onion red cells (tunics) are used to figure out the different types. In the red onion you can see effects promptly when the onion cells are placed in different type of solutions. The effect of the solutions is shown through the purple part within the membrane since that’s where the vacuoles are present. Question: How will the vacuole inside the cells of the outer membrane of a red onion react when deionized water, a 1%, and a 10% saline solution are added to the cells? Hypothesis: If a saline solution is added to the outer membrane of a red onion cell, then based on the amount of the solution, it will cause the vacuole inside the cell to become hypertonic thus shrinking in size. This is because water moves from inside the vacuole, to the cell since the saline solution is entering the vacuole. While if deionized water is added on to cell, then the vacuole size should get larger or stay the same. Variables: Independent Variables: type of solution, amount of solution, and the type of onion. Levels of IV: Deionized water, 1% saline solution, 10% saline solution, red onion outer membrane. Control group: Red onion without any solution added to it. Dependent Variables: amount of water inside the vacuole. Controlled Variables: . Constant temperature – this will be insured by keeping the room at a constant temperature of 21 degrees, because if temperature is not kept constant, the data might be affected. 2. Type of onion – this will be insured by using the same onion (red onion) to collect data, if a different type of onion is used, this might cause the data to be inaccurate. 3. Microscope – while collecting data, and observing what happens to th e red onion, the same microscope shall be used for observing what happens to the vacuoles. Materials: * Red Onion Scissors/ Scalpel * Microscope * 1%, 10% saline solutions * Deionized/Distilled water * Plastic cups * Cover slips Procedure: 1. Take a small piece of onion and peel off a sheet of the purple skin. Cut a piece of skin about the size of a little fingernail. 2. Place the piece onto a microscope slide, and put it under the microscope to record data as this is the control group. 3. Then add five drops of deionized water onto the slide, then record qualitative and quantitative observations on the size of the vacuole inside the cell. 4. Then repeat step one, and put the piece of skin on another microscope slide. 5. Add five drops of 1% saline solution on the slide, then record qualitative and quantitative observations on the change in size of the onion cell vacuole. 6. Step four was repeated, then five drops of 10% saline solution were dropped onto the slide. Record qualitative and quantitative observations again on the change in size of the onion cell vacuole. 7. Steps 2, 3, 5, and 6 were all recorded under high-power objective in the microscope. 8. Clean and dry slide and coverslip. Data/Data Table: The effect of Deionized water, 1%, and 10% saline solution on the outer membrane of a red onion Amount of water inside the vacuoles| No solution (control group)| Deionized water| 1% solution| 10% solution| Before| 100%| 100%| 100%| 100%| After| 100%| 100%| 85%| 65%| % change| 0%| 0%| 15%| 35%| Qualitative data/ Observations| No change, purple onion cell walls only visible| No change, deionized water didn’t cause vacuoles to shrink| Vacuoles shrank, but not significant amount. | Vacuoles shrank a lot, and are visibly hypertonic| Data Analysis: In the lab, observations were recorded to see how a 1% saline solution and a 10% saline solution affected the size of the vacuole inside the cells of the outer membrane of a red onion. The independent variables in the experiment were the: type of solution, amount of solution, and the type of onion. There was a 1% saline solution and a 10% saline solution. The type of onion used in this experiment was a red onion, and the purple outer membrane was used to record data. The control group that the experiment was based upon was a slice of the outer membrane without any solutions added to it. The dependent variable was the amount of water inside the vacuole that changed based on the addition of the saline solutions, and the deionized water. The controlled variables in the experiment were: constant temperature, the type of onion, and the microscope. The constant temperature would be insured by keeping the room at a constant temperature of 21 degrees (room temp. ), because if temperature is not kept constant, the data would be affected. The type of onion will be insured by using the same onion (red onion) to collect data, if a different type of onion is used, this would increase chance of error while collecting data. While collecting data, and observing what happens to the red onion, the same microscope was used for observing what happens to the vacuoles. The data collected and observations recorded showed that the more concentrated the saline solutions were, the more the vacuole shrunk in size. For example, when the 1% solution was added, only 15% of the vacuole lost water, while when the 10% solution was added, 35% of the vacuole lost water. The deionized water however showed barely any change in size, so it did not shrink or grow. The percentages recorded in the data table though were not accurate since they were just assumptions because the tools to correctly measure the percent change were not present. Since the experiment was only conducted once, there were no repeated trials, leading the data to be more prone to errors and uncertainties. Another error in the data was that at first many slices of the tunic had to be peeled to finally get a single strand of cells, because every time a slice would be peeled, there would be a double layer of cells, causing it to be hard to see through the microscope. Conclusion and Evaluation: In the lab, many conclusions were drawn from the results found. The data calculated, and the observations recorded supported the hypothesis, since in the data the saline solutions caused the vacuoles to shrink, and the deionized water caused the vacuole to stay the same. The saline solutions caused the vacuoles to shrink because since there was more salt outside the vacuole, the vacuole became hypertonic causing it to release water and absorb salt into the vacuole. The use of a control group in this experiment establishes the basis of a means for comparison between the different levels of IV and the control group. The procedure was not as descriptive as possible, and could have been more explanatory, and instructive. Limitations in the experiment could have been that the tunic of the red onion was not thin enough to record accurate data since it was very hard to get a single strand of cells without having two strands on top of each other. Another imitation in the experiment would've been that the correct tools to measure the quantitative data in the experiment were not present, and it caused the data to be approximated, and not accurate. A weakness in the experiment could have been that at first, the saline solutions didn’t seem to change the size of the vacuoles, until another observation was conducted from the microscope and it became visibly different. An error in the experiment would've included only having one trial, and not repeati ng any. Another error could've been contaminations with the contact of the cells with skin, and or contaminations with the dropper used for the experiment. Improvements that could've been made to this experiment were repeated trials to make the data more precise, also a way to measure the relative size of the vacuole to the cell more accurately. Another improvement could've been using a microscope with higher magnification and resolution leading to better image quality and better data. Protocol Diagram:

Caffeine affects blood pressure Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Caffeine affects blood pressure - Term Paper Example It is categorized as a psychoactive drug, but its consumption is legal. The substance has several pharmacological actions peripherally and also centrally. It is an antagonist of adenosine, a neuromodulator, blocking the actions of adenosine which are inhibitory (Hartley et al, 2001). Thus, caffeine has a stimulatory effect on the central nervous system. Typical doses of caffeine in day to day consumption are less than 500mg, while the toxic doses are more than 10 grams (James, 2004). Consumption of caffeine can have both negative and positive side effects and is predominantly individual and dose based. Positive effects include protection against Parkinson's disease. Negative side effects include disruption of sleep, elevated blood pressure and elevated heart rate. Caffeine effects on blood pressure are a much controversial topic and several studies have been conducted to ascertain its role in elevating blood pressure and contribution to cardiovascular disease. This effect merits impo rtance, because caffeine is consumed by many people worldwide and this includes populations who have hypertension. In this essay, the effects of caffeine on blood pressure will be discussed. Discussion Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist. Adenosine is a neuromodulator and inhibition of adenosine causes increased activity of various other hormones like adrenaline, dopamine, cortisol and endorphins. At higher doses, caffeine can also cause inhibition of GABA neurotransmission leading to insomnia, anxiety and increased respiratory rate and heart rate. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and placental barrier readily because it is water soluble. In the brain, it acts as a non-selective adenosine antagonist because of its structural similarity to adenosine (Dunwiddie and Masino, 2001). Some studies have shown that administration of caffeine in doses comparable to those consumed everyday can lead to acute elevation in blood pressure by 5-15 mmHg of systolic pressures and 5-10mmHg of diasto lic pressures (James, 2004).. The effects pertaining to elevated blood pressures can last several hours in both sexes and in individuals of all age groups. Another important finding in these studies is the fact that the effect is additive to that caused by other factors like smoking and stress. Effect of caffeine on blood pressure varies from individual to individual and elevations in blood pressure may be an individual susceptibility. Individuals who already have hypertension or borderline hypertension may be even more susceptible. Caffeine can also have synergistic action on blood pressure in times of psychological stress exaggerating the increase in blood pressure. Thus, indirectly caffeine can contribute to cardiovascular disease (James, 2004). One interesting aspect is that the effects on blood pressure are inversely proportional to the number of portions consumed on a particular day. For instance, the initial portion of caffeine produces the greatest hemodynamic effect when co mpared to later portions (James, 2004). According to a study by James (2004), there is extensive evidence over the fact that consumption of caffeine in dietary doses increases blood pressure. However, it is unclear whether this has an impact on cardiovascular disease because habitual use of caffeine leads to tolerance and epidemiologic findings regarding the impact of caffeine on cardiovascular disease is confusing. . Several experimental and epidemiologic studies have proven the impact of dietary caffeine on blood

Walter williams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Walter williams - Essay Example If compensations were to be made, then apology becomes meaningless since it becomes a two-way business in which first the slave owners and sellers benefited and now the descendants of the slaves are benefiting. Apology means regret, not compensation. In this context, the disclaimer placed at the end of the resolution is justified. If the government does not pay, payment retrieved from any other community will raise substantial issues which will be graver than the need to compensate the descendants of the slaves. It is Williams’s fallacy that he has declared that the American government retrieves all the money it has from Americans. This is so untrue! The American government is not running on taxes paid by Americans alone. There are millions of Asians, Europeans, Arabs, and workers belonging to other nations who have not been granted the green card and yet they are earning in the USA and part of their payment goes to the American government. Besides, the American government is earning a lot of money by doing business with the Arabs in general and the KSA in particular. There are several other sources of income for the American

Chinese and Japanese Buddhist Calligraphy Essay

Chinese and Japanese Buddhist Calligraphy - Essay Example Geographical features, cultural traditions, and religious beliefs have influenced art in in Asian countries. Calligraphy or the art of writing characters, one of the most ubiquitous forms of art, was practiced and revered in the Chinese cultural sphere. However, it later got spread across other Asian countries like Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and Vietnam, influencing the sensibilities and styles of different calligraphies. The art of calligraphy encompasses a sense of aesthetic richness that is estimated to have spanned over four millennia. It originated from a region of diverse cultures, traditions, and beliefs, contributing much to the writing art of Asian countries, particularly China and Japan. Building on the tradition of calligraphy, Japanese and Chinese arts developed a distinct style that sets it apart from the Western art and paintings. Both Japanese and Chinese Calligraphy originated and developed primarily from the ancient writing system of China. The discussion compares and con trasts the origins, forms, and inscriptions of Japanese Buddhist Calligraphy and Chinese Buddhist Calligraphy. Thesis: The similarities in Japanese and Chinese Buddhist Calligraphy are primarily based on the Chinese writing system from which they both originated. However, the differences that developed between the calligraphy styles can be attributed to the symbols, inscriptions, language, and the manner in which it is composed.